ec lapan: 2008

Selasa, September 02, 2008

Space Tourism

By Abdurrahman

What are we going to talk about?
These are trips by ordinary people to space, not as scientists or
technologists, but for personal reasons including adventure, recreation and business.

Who’s the first?
Sixty-year-old California financier Dennis Tito lifts off into space aboard Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft and becomes the world’s first paying space tourist. Tito, who paid Russia a reported $20 million for the trip, spent six days on the International Space Station before returning to Earth.

What do they say about space tourism?
Japanese Rocket Society:
if some $12 billion of funding became available in the near future, commercial passenger space travel services to and from Earth orbit could begin in 2010. At a growth rate of some 100,000 passengers/year/year the business could reach 700,000 passengers/ year by 2017, at a price of about $25,000 /passenger. The importance of this result is that $12 billion is less than half of one year's funding of government space agencies today, and it is therefore readily affordable. By 2030 space tourism activities could have grown to a scale of $100 billion/year, creating several million jobs. It thereby demonstrates the very great economic value of such a development; approximately $1 trillion greater than the value of continued taxpayer funding of space agencies' activities without developing space tourism.

How can they be so confidence?
Analysis indicates that future market revenues will come from large and established industries that can improve their bottom line by doing business in space.

The plan
1. sub-orbital trips (lasting less than 1 hr; all in the space transportation vehicle)
2. three orbit trips (lasting up to 5 hours; all in the space transportation vehicle)
3. three day trips (possibly including a LEO facility)
4. resort packages (with stays of 1-2 weeks at a LEO facility and possibly even extrafacility activities)

How to reach that plan?
Space tourism fields for research
Life Sciences
Short-term orbital stays by average people
Tests of full range of anti-emetics
Treatments of minor ailments in micro-gravity
Propulsion
Development of reusable rocket operation and maintenance procedures
Design of rockets for ease of maintenance
Reusable rocket engine reliability increase
Reusable rocket engine noise suppression
Cost reduction
Transportation
Passenger vehicle size optimisation
Passenger vehicle optimisation for different routes
Orbital propellant production and handling
Orbital Accommodation
Large windows
Micro-gravity plumbing
Facilities for large numbers of guests
Micro-gravity interior design
Cost reduction through mass production
Rotating facilities
Legal/Insurance Issues
Collaboration with aviation
Implementation of liability for damage in space
Implementation of space salvage laws
Insurance industry contribution to vehicle design
Space building standards

Conclusion
Tourism is not bounded to earth. We can extend it further by space tourism. Some people say that if some $12 billion of funding became available in the near future, commercial passenger space travel services to and from Earth orbit could begin in 2010.

Surface Ozone, Dangerous Polutant

By Novita Ambarsari

Ozone…
• Ozone or trioxygen (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms.
• Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far better than dioxygen.
• It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying to ordinary diatomic oxygen (in about half an hour in atmospheric conditions)
• Ozone will oxidize metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium).

Ozone…
• Ozone in atmosphere :
“Good” ozone : on stratosphere
“Bad” Ozone : on surface
• Good ozone :
protect the earth from UVB
• Bad ozone :
dangerous for human health

How surface ozone can be created..??
Ozone on surface air, is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by a chemical reaction between nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of heat and strong sunlight.

Pollutants that cause ozone come from motor vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, and vegetation.

How Does "Bad" Ozone Affect Human Health and the Environment?
• Inhaling ground-level ozone can damage lung tissue and irritate the respiratory system.
• It can aggravate asthma and other respiratory diseases, reduce lung function, and inflame and damage lung tissue.
• Ground-level or "bad" ozone also damages vegetation and ecosystems.

How Does "Bad" Ozone Affect Human Health and the Environment?
• It leads to reduced agricultural crop and commercial forest yields.
• Reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased susceptibility to diseases, pests and other stresses such as harsh weather.
• Because ozone forms in hot weather, anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer may be affected.

Index ozone level
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed an Air Quality index to help explain air pollution levels to the general public.
• Eight-hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppbv are described as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups“.
• 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as "unhealthy“.
• 125 ppb to 404 ppb as "very unhealthy".

Surface Ozone Characteristics
• Surface ozone concentration increases during the day when UV light and human activities increases too.

Ozone as a greenhouse gas
• The increase in ozone is of further concern because ozone present in the upper troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.
• Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult because it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe.
• The scientific review on the climate change (the IPCC Third Assessment Report[22]) suggests that the radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of carbon dioxide.

Conclusion..
• Surface ozone is a dangerous pollutant because it damages human health, agricultural, and ecosystem.
• Surface ozone become one of the green house gases and contribute to the climate change of earth.
• Concentration of the surface ozone depens on the UV light, human activities, the area, the population, and the season.

Sporadic - E

By Varuliantor Dear

A study upon real sounded ionosonda data

Background & Purpose
• Why this phenomenon called sporadic when it is practically a daily occurrence ?
• To know the behavior of E-Sporadic phenomenon by using the ionosonda data

How to read Ionogram
• E and Es different by 150 kHz
• Auto scaling make some mistakes
• Some times the data reduced by the ionogram axis

How to grouping data
• Highest hourly foEs each month
• Highest daily foEs
• Hourly >= 5 MHz
• Daily >= 5 MHz
• Number of hours and days foEs>= 5 MHz

Summary of the result
• Grouping the result
• Certain behavior Es
• Have a similar trends in every years

People Opinion
• Varying Es density
• Sun Radiation Role
• The season contradiction
• Meteor influence

Conclusion
• Showing the E Sporadic occurrence
• E Sporadic behavior seemly have a yearly trends
• There is a lot of opinion about the occurrence E Sporadic

Senin, September 01, 2008

ROBOTS

By Ginaldi Ari

Human needs Help?
- Doing hard work
- Explore an unknown and unreach location
- Do many task simultaneously
- In security and safety
- Need friends of his own
That’s why human need them

Introduction
A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent. It is usually a system, which, by its appearance or movements, made an activity that it has intent of its own.

a typical robot will have several of the following properties:
- can sense its environment, and manipulate or interact with things in it
- has some ability to make choices based on the environment, often using automatic control or a preprogrammed sequence
- is programmable
- moves with one or more axes of rotation or translation
- makes dexterous/skillfull coordinated movements
- appears to have intent or purpose

we can use them to do :
a. Help the process of surgery
b. Research Robot
c. Research robots :
d. Process Industry
e. As a helper, who knows you need a help
f. Or just having fun with them
Need a friend?

There are a lot of movies about robot :
a. Robots (Blue Sky Studio)
b. Transformer
c. I-Robot
d. Robocop
e. Terminator, etc

Robots Progress
- Sandia National Institute (USA) have built a 1/4 cubic inch and weighing less than an ounce mini robots, it is possibly the smallest autonomous robot ever created. Powered by three watch batteries, it rides on track wheels and consists of an 8K ROM processor, temperature sensor, and two motors that drive the wheels. Enhancements being considered include a miniature camera, microphone, communication device, and chemical micro-sensor.
- Honda engineers created ASIMO with 34 Degrees of Freedom that help it walk and perform tasks much like a human. One Degree of Freedom is the ability to move right and left or up and down. These degrees of freedom act much like human joints for optimum movement and flexibility.

Thank You

Selasa, Juli 08, 2008

Tenses Diagram

Crossword Puzzle

You have answers of horizontal puzzle and your partner has answers of vertical puzzle. Try to fill the blank cells by the clues from your partner! Don’t directly tell the words on your cells to give the clues to your partner! Use your own words to give the clues!
Our Senses

Pregnancy

By Mira Juangsih

Definition
- PREGNANCY (latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus, inside the uterus of a female human.
- In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets.
- Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks from fertilization, i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the start of the last menstruation. Thus, pregnancy lasts about nine months.

Diagnosis
- The woman miss her first period that she begin to suspect.

- She may feel tired, a little headache, her breasts may be tender, and she may urinate more frequently.

- Home pregnancy tests are personal urine tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12-15 days after fertilization.

Baby Month by Month
First Trimester
- Zygote -> Blastocyst -> Embryo -> Fetus
- This is a critical period in fetal development because it’s the early organ development, such as brain, heart, liver, pancreas, lungs, and stomach are evident.
- Some women feel occasional nausea or morning sickness during month two and you may respond with stronger emotions than usual.
- The mother must eat good food, eat vitamin, don’t drink alcohol and caffeine.

Second Trimester
- Months 4 through 6 of the pregnancy are called the second trimester.
- The mommy may feel the first fetal movements.
- The baby does have ears and eyes now. Fingers and toes are well defined. And will be able to detect the baby’s heartbeat.
- The placenta is now fully functioning and the fetus is making insulin and urinating. The teeth are now formed inside the fetus's gums and the reproductive organs can be recognized, and can distinguish the fetus as male or female.

Third Trimester
- The woman will begin to feel less tired because your heart will be better adjusted to pumping more blood, 25 percent of which now goes to the baby.
- Movement of the fetus becomes stronger and more frequent.
- You may have heartburn and indigestion as your uterus puts pressure on your stomach. As the baby grows larger, you may have a hard time finding a comfortable position in which to sleep.

- Your baby’s organs have been finished forming for a long time.
- Baby’s lungs and heart are almost ready to function outside of the womb. Brain growth accelerates, and the baby can see and hear. He has lost most of the lanugo and the downy hair covering his body.

NUTRITION
- Balancing carbohydrates, fat, and proteins, and eating a variety of fruits and vegetables usually ensure good nutrition.
- Adequate periconceptional folic acid (also called folate or Vitamin B9). Folates (from folia, leaf) are abundant in spinach (fresh, frozen or canned), and are also found in green vegetables, salads, melon, hummus, and eggs.
- Other nutrients such as Vitamin D and calcium, required for bone development, may require supplementation.

Senin, Juni 16, 2008

Optical Illusion

By Sri Ekawati

Mystery of Magnetic Hill in Kelud Volcano, East java
Desa Sugihwaras, Kecamatan Ngancar, Kediri

Some people think hill in Kelud Volcano has a mystery. When car even truck is placed in neutral, it will begin to roll backwards, apparently uphill. Sharp observers will also note that water also seemingly runs uphill. Non-high education people think this mystery is related with mystic or metaphysic. The others think there is magnetic field anomaly or gravitation anomaly in that location.
This phenomenon motivates a scientist or researcher to investigate the hypothesis that there is an anomaly of magnetic field or gravitation in that location. They start to measure the magnetic field and the gravitation there. Unfortunately, the entire hypothesis is broken. Mr. Seno and Mr. Amin (Lecturer from ITS), states there is no magnetic anomaly or gravity anomaly in that location. Even they states the hill is 5% slope downward. Mr. Amin states that Mystery of Kelud hill is only an optical illusion. The location of this phenomenon is not only in East Java, Kelud Volcano, Indonesia but also in all over the World. Many have no specific name and are instead often simply referred to as 'Gravity Hill' or 'Magnetic Hill'. Magnetic hill or gravity hill is an optical illusion where a downwards slope appears upwards.

Optical illusion

Before I discuss an optical illusion of magnetic hill or gravity hill, I want you to see some example of optical illusion from http://www.eyetricks.com/illusions.htm.

Illusion of Magnetic Hill in Kelud Volcano, East Java

We say the streets that upwards, downwards and straight depend on the reference point. In another word, something upward or downward is relative to something as reference. We use the three as reference point of vertical direction. As we know the direction of the three is always vertical perpendicular with the sun in the afternoon.

A phenomenon in the magnetic hill is the three is not vertical as common. The street actually downward but our eyes tell our mind upward. This is some optical illusion that created naturally. The directions of the threes are slant. This happens because of soil creep. Soil creep is the slow, down slope movement of soil under the influence of gravity. Frost heave, thermal expansion and contraction of the surface, alternate wetting and drying of the soil can cause soil creep.

Source :

http://www.eyetricks.com/illusions.htm
http://rovicky.wordpress.com/2007/07/20/misteri-jalan-bermagnet/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magnetic_hills

Kamis, Mei 29, 2008

Announcement

Ec will be held every TUESDAY with the same place and the same time

Writing Tips

By Erma Yulihastin

Writing Tips
1. Master (kuasai) the basics of good writing style.
2. Make sure your writing is clear, simple and effective.
3. Boost (tingkatkan) your writing motivation and confidence.
4. Write with rapport (menghubungkan) and engage (mengajak) your readers.
5. Develop your authentic writing style and find your own voice.

Paragraph
1. Paragraph is simply a sequence of sentences with a common theme that runs through the whole passage.
2. When deciding where to stop and start your paragraphs, the rule is simple: just start a new paragraph for each new point.
3. Make sure your paragraphs are always wider than they are deep.
4. If you're writing on-line, your paragraphs will need be shorter.

How Do I Structure My Writing?
1. Get clear on your point before you start.
2. Work out what state you want your readers to be in at the end.
3. Think about how to get your readers from where they are to where you want them to be.
4. Ask yourself hard questions at the end:
5. did you make your point?
6. what state did you convey?
7. Listen to conference workshop tapes.
8. Put in some mood music.
9. Let aromatherapy take you away: Aromatherapy scents like citrus can stimulate the mind.
10. Critique someone else’s work: Sometimes working on someone else’s work can motivate you to work on your own.
11. Change the scenery: go someplace else, even if it’s a different chair in the same room.
12. Change format: switch to pen and paper rather than your computer.
13. Stretch and exercise: toss a ball with someone or play a little one-on-one.
14. Read a really good book or a really bad book.
15. Clean your house or work area.
16. Read the newspaper or blogs for story ideas.

Connect with Reader
1. DO use headlines that demand your reader's attention.
2. DON'T make basic grammar mistakes.
3. DO use plain (terang/jelas) everyday words.
4. DON'T witter on: stick to the point.
5. DO get into the mood (reader).
6. DON'T be afraid to experiment.
7. DON'T dress up (melucuti) your writing.
8. DO use short sentences.
9. DON'T stick rigidly to the rules.
10. DO include something of yourself (story, value, persona).

Writing with Authenticity

Authenticity means,

"The quality or condition of being authentic, trustworthy (terpercaya), or genuine."

Writing with Authenticy
1. Use plain language.
2. Be credible.
3. Write in your own words.
4. Be yourself.
5. Write with intention.

Thank You
Source: Joanna Young, The Confident Writing Coach

Rabu, Mei 21, 2008

A simple explanation of MUF

By Varuliantor Dear

MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) is a maximum value of frequency that can be reflected by an ionosphere in a circuit of High Frequency (HF) radio communication
Why we must know MUF ?
(specially for operator radio )
To guarantee the success communication of HF radio which use an ionosphere as a media to reflect the signal radio ( it’s call a skywave propagation )
A propagation of radio signal
The relation MUF with a skywave propagation
The reflected frequency is depend on the condition of ionosphere which is have a variation each time, day, and seasonal.
• fp > f radio ; f radio will be absorb
• fp < f radio ; f radio will be pass
• fp = f radio ; f radio will be reflected
How we know the MUF value?
2 main factor/parameter to know a MUF value
– Critical frequency ( fo )
– Obliquity factor (k (distance, high))
And..How to use MUF?
• By knowing the MUF, now you can use it as a reference frequency to have/make a communication with other party at the other side. Which mean….
• It is the maximum frequency you can use, and you can use the frequency below the MUF…

Jumat, Mei 16, 2008

Schedule

A Short Visit to Biak

example picture of hilal

By Sungging
Early this month i was adventuring to Biak, a small island on the most north-east edge of Indonesia. If the trip is only for another trip, so i guess not much to tell, everyone does the adventures here and there. So, what’s make this adventure so unique is, because Biak is not just another island. Sometimes around the future in Biak, there will be a space launch facility built. This facility is the third space launch center outside of Russia, the owner of the facility. This facility will provide the efficient and cost-effective launch services for space vehicle on the region of South East Asia and beyond.

Utillizing converted equipment from the cold-war era into commercials need, the technology should be competitive for providing the growing commercial market of space related services. This project is a cooperation between the Government of Indonesia and Russia, and that would benefit for both countries, either on economy, science, technology or even politics. Since Biak is in the position just slightly near the equator and just on the Pacific Ocean, that should be comfort and efficient for space-launching, and those aspects are important on attracting client for space-related services.
The full detail of technical aspects should be classified by both government, obviously. In Indonesia, the national space agency (LAPAN) is the place for further informations about this subject. But for me, the opportunity to take a peek on the future ’space travel center’, i.e. Airport of Frans Kaisieppo; is an exciting experiences, beside, for the first time i saw Pacific Ocean! *teehee*

Powerful Earthquake Hits China

The New York Times

A 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit China's Sichuan Province on Monday afternoon, reportedly killing more than 8,500 people. The death toll steadily increased throughout the evening, raising concerns that the number could go far higher. Tremors shook buildings for hundreds of miles and were felt as far away as Vietnam and Thailand, according to interviews and reports in China's state media. Left, a collapsed school in Dujiangyan.

People gathered in a parking lot in Chongqing after the earthquake. China is prone to seismic activity and has suffered horrific earthquakes in the recent past. In 1976, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit the city of Tangshan, located roughly 70 miles from Beijing. More than 240,000 people were killed and nearly every building was leveled in that quake.

A rescuer searched the rubble of a collapsed building in Dujiangyan. Damage is believed to be especially severe in Dujiangyan, a county of 600,000 people located near the epicenter.

Medical staff and family members evacuated patients from a hospital in Chongqing.

Why Reshearch data is Untouchable

By Ginaldi Ari and haries Satyawardhana

The source of research data :

1. Download from Internet
2. Observation
3. Buy from other institution

1. Download from the Internet

The reason that research data is difficult to take, is based on the sources above. The reason based on the source of downloading are:
a. Is hard to to search the data, the data from internet is usually not fully describe.
b. Need a long period to download the data, because research data usually consist of a lot of storage.
c. Computer viruses threat is very much spread around the internet
d. Sometimes the internet connection is disable because of several reason such as malfunction, etc.

From the reason earlier we can assume that every researcher has the right not to share the data that he belongs, but we can oppose that reason with another explanation such as:

a. Download from internet is using government facility, so the data is belong to the government. And is yhe researcher duty to share the data to the government and also the society.
b. The data from the internet is basically open source, we do not need to spend money to download it.

.2. Observation

Observation is also had a lot of reason why the data is so difficult, such as:

a. The research take place in a remote area, and sometimes its difficult to get there
b. It needs a lot of energy to make an observation, we need a lot of preparation and extra resources
c. Usually observation cannot valid only in a day or two, researcher need several observation to find the characteristic.and then made an analysis.

The researcher also doesn’t have the right from the data that they had based on the observation, because :

a. The equipment that they need for preparation is basically from the institution, in other words the government.
b. If researcher want to travel, it include an official duty using a government fund.

4. Buy from other institution

The obstacle from this research data is :

a. Bureaucracy in Indonesia is very strong, the people involve take an advantage of it.
b. Sometimes the data that we get is not suitable from what we desire
c. It is clear that we need money to buy things, including data.
d. Sometimes the researcher need to go to the data source directly, eventhough it is outside of the java island

Is very rarely that the researcher it self who spend the money to bought the data. Usually it comes up from the government fund or other allocation fund that in yhe upper end is also come from the government.

In the conclusion, there is no reason that a researcher keep the data for him self.

Rabu, Mei 14, 2008

Titanic

The aim of this session is to improve your listening skill.
Listen to this song carefully, and fill the blank words!

Every night in my …….
I see you. I …. you.
That is … I know you …..

Far ….. the distance
And spaces ……. us
You …. come to show … go on.

Near, …., wherever you …
I believe that the ….. does go on
Once …. you open the door
And you're here in my heart
And ……….. will go on and on

Love can ….. us one time
And last for a lifetime
And …… go till we're one

…… was when I loved you
One true time I …. to
In my life we'll always go on

Near, far, …………. you are
I …………. that the heart does go on
Once more you open the …….
And you're here in my ……..
And ………….. will go on and on

There is …… love that will not
…. away

You're ….., there's nothing I ……,
And I ….. that my heart will go on
We'll stay forever this …..
You ….. safe in my heart
And my heart will go on and ….

Happy family

An Introduction of building it
By Slamet Supriadi

Topics
BEFORE Marriage
In Marriage (Just married)
AFTER Marriage

Before your marriage
• Don’t have a wrong motivation
• The pretty wrapper doesn’t show quality of the candy
• Time before marriage fades the objectivity
• Opulence is not everything

Make a choice
• Take a good parent for children
• Take a great partner for sharing
• Have a nice listener while feeling a stress
• Find a professional consultant to break the problem down

Your soul mate
• Have a Good personality
• Comes from a Good family
• Live in a Good neighborhood
• Familiar with a Good habitual practicing

Family is
• A Company
• A School
• A Team
• A Recreation Place

In Marriage
Gathering two persons with different:
• Personality
• Educational Background
• Tribes
• Family
• Ambitions

Marriage is
Gathering two persons who have a motivation to make them right, not Gathering two persons who have already right….So, make it easy

The Good Household full of
• Peace and safety
• Love each other
• Mutual devotion

Requirement
• Patient
• Modest
• Balance
• Empathy
• Tolerance
• Adaptation
• Cooperation
• Mutual faith
• Communication skill
• Knowledge of marriage

Thank You

Jumat, Mei 09, 2008

Sensor and it's Utility/Function

SENSOR AND IT’S UTILITY/FUNCTION
by. mario batubara
(Installation and Aerospace Observer Unit)
LAPAN – BANDUNG 2008

HISTORY OF SENSOR
Formed in 1967, Sensor established itself as a high quality manufacturer of precision transducers used in the rapidly growing hydrocarbon exploration industry. Aster its formed, sensors had became increasing in many type, function, etc.
DEFINITION
A sensor is a device which measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
TYPE OF SENSOR
In this era – since sensor was formed, its technokogy has growth as fast as era change. One of them is the type of sensor. Talking about the type of sensor, ofer the world many type of those had made, such as :
1. THERMAL SENSOR
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSOR
3. MECHANICAL SENSOR
4. CHEMICAL SENSOR
5. OPTICAL RADIATION SENSOR

THERMAL SENSOR

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Temperature sensor is used to measure the degree of heat of thing or anything. Kind of these are (Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, bi-metal, resistance temperature detectors)

THERMOCOUPLE
The Thermocouple is a thermoelectric temperature sensor which consists of two dissimilar metallic wires, e.g., one chromel and one constantan, coupled at the probe tip (measurement junction) and extended to the reference (known temperature) junction.
The temperature difference between the probe tip and the reference junction is detected by measuring the change in voltage (electromotive force, EMF) at the reference junction.
The absolute temperature reading can then be obtained by combining the information of the known reference temperature and the difference of temperature between probe tip and the reference.

BASIC CONCEPT OF THERMOCOUPLE
Look picture no.1

HEAT SENSOR
The second type of thermal sensor is heat sensor. This is usually to measure heat. Heat, its mean the energy which produced by the its thing’s temperature changing. Type of this sensor are (Bolometer, calorimeter, heat flux sensor)

THERMISTOR
A thermistor is a type of resistor with resistance varying according to its temperature. The word is a combination of thermal and resistor. The relationship between resistance and temperature is linear, then:
ΔR = Kδt
Where :
ΔR = change in resistance
ΔT = change in temperature
k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
(if k is possitive, its called PTC and if k is negative its called NTC)

MECHANICAL SENSOR
One of type sensor is mechanical sensor. This is used to measure mechanical quantity such as : altitude, flow, speed, acceleration, pressure, etc.
Here are the pictures of mechanical sensor :

Look picture no.2
HOW IS A GOOD SENSOR?

A good sensor obeys the following rules:
1. the sensor should be sensitive to the measured property
2. the sensor should be insensitive to any other property
3. the sensor should not influence the measured property

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear. The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional to the value of the measured property. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of measurement.

Researcher as a Profession

By.Varuliantor and Prayitno

What is profession?
Profession X Amateur
Profession is a Job (exactly Career)
Profession is a job based on skill, or education’s skill (KBBI)

Specific Education
for what?
-> getting certification or license

Organization

for what?
-> Giving protection or defense

Ethic Code

for what?
-> Procedure and ethic in work

Is Researcher a profession?
(For example in LAPAN)

Do LAPAN’s researchers have a license in research?
is LAPAN a profession’s Institution?
is there ethic code for LAPAN’s researcher?

If LAPAN’s Researcher is a profession

then
Professionalism is very important thing

How about Professionalism in LAPAN?
Is there procedure to do a research?
Is there a standardization in research?
What is the duty of a researcher?
What is the Researcher’s Warrant ?

Final Question
Did we act like a professional?
Have we already worked responsibility?

How can we learn speaking english?

By. Johan Muhamad

Background : world becoming global village

The Importance of Speaking English
—- There are about 800-900 million people speak English over the world
—- At least, there are 72 nations use English as their native language
—- The European Union is composed of 27 member states. The total English speaking population of the combined territories is 229,850,000 including 61,850,000 native speakers and 168,000,000 non-native speakers.

Difficulty Speaking English
Everybody makes mistakes in English
It wasn't the language that we spoke that created difficulties in communication, it was a lack of cultural context

Just for advice
— Relax!! Don't be in too much of a hurry
— Motivate yourself
— Set yourself achievable goals
— Try taking all opportunities of speaking in English
— Be grateful and shameless!!

Practical Suggestions
— Speak more slowly, so you have time to translate into English
— spending time with your nieghbors to Speak English
— when you speak English, try to think in English as well

Thank You very much…

References
http://www.learnenglish.de/improvepage.htm
http://nz.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080322210240AAettoV
http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/28324-english-speaking-trouble-2.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population

Once Upon A Time In Tsukuba

By.Nizam Ahmad
Asian Winter School 2006Space Science Program
JAXA, Tsukuba Space Center, JAPAN

Background
JAXA develop an experiment module “KIBO” à Space Utilization Program ->
Sokendai + JAXA Introduce experiments in ->
Space life science à AWS Programme ->
SEUC, JAXA
Main theme : Science in the extreme situation

Lecture Aims :
► Fostering future generation in space biology & microgravity sciences
► creating international research network

Participants

Instructors
- JAXA
- Dept. Space Biology & Microgravity Sciences
- ISS science Project

GroupsBased on Field of Interest
1. Dust Plasma group
2. Electrostatic Levitator group
3. Gas Levitator group
4. Life Science 1 group
5. Life Science 2 group
6. Protein Crystal Growth group

Activities
1. Classroom Lectures
- Lectures
- Discussion
2. Tour
- JAXA Facilities such as JEM “KIBO”,
- Satellite, Laboratory
3. Laboratory Training à Experiment
4. Presentation
Benefit of The Program
- Knowledge in space environment
-> Experiments under normal & micro gravity
- Chance to learn more about cultures
- Good opportunity to have international
network among Asian Countries

Proposed Space Research
Measure the space environment ( plasma and high energy particle) in ISS orbit and environmental effects on material and electronic devices to investigate the interaction with and from the space environment at the KIBO exposed facility.
It’s very important that space environmental data about space radiation degradation of space parts & materials and spacecraft anomalies are acquired for spacecraft design and manned space activity.
The results of this research will be used to predict and measure space environment in LAPAN TUBSAT orbit (LAPAN TUBSAT is first micro satellite belong to LAPAN -Indonesia), including its environmental effects on material and electronic devices to investigate the interaction with and from the space environment at the LAPAN TUBSAT instruments like KIBO.

Introduction

Introduction

What's your name?
Where are you from? / Where do you come from?
What's your surname / family name?
What's your address?
Where do you live?
What's your (tele)phone number?
When / Where were you born?
Are you married? / What's your marital status?
What do you do? / What's your job?
What did you do?
Have you got a car / job / house / etc.?
Have you got any children / friends / books / etc.?
Can you play tennis / golf / football / etc.?
Can you speak English / French / Japanese / etc.?